When the separation of two surfaces approaches sub-nanometre scale, the boundary between the two most fundamental heat transfer modes, heat conduction by phonons and radiation by photons, is blurred.

Fourier's well-known heat equation, introduced in 1822, describes how temperature changes in space and time when heat flows through a material. In general, this formulation works well to describe heat ...

ABSTRACT Soil heat transfer is complex, and conduction-alone models may not always perform well in estimating soil apparent thermal diffusivity. Soil apparent thermal diffusivity is related to soil ...